• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a device (1) for removing a tunnel, comprising at least one formwork element (3) with at least one concreting opening (7), a device for transporting liquid concrete (4) through the concreting opening (7) into a behind the formwork element (3) arranged cavity, in particular a concrete pump (5a). In order to perform an expansion of a tunnel with inexperienced personnel process reliability, the invention provides that at least one sensor is provided, with which a state variable of a concrete in the cavity (4) and / or a load of the formwork element (3) continuously during a Concreting process is measurable, wherein a monitoring device is provided, with which a measured value of the at least one sensor is comparable with a stored in a data memory setpoint, the setpoint is dependent on a progress of the concreting process, in particular depending on a measured time and / or of a Quantity of a concrete already transported into the cavity (4). Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for removing a tunnel, wherein liquid concrete (4) by means of a device, in particular a concrete pump (5a), by at least one concreting opening (7) in a cavity between a shuttering element (3) and a mountain (2) is transported.
    公开号:AT518000A1
    申请号:T50974/2015
    申请日:2015-11-16
    公开日:2017-06-15
    发明作者:Ing Andreas Lamprecht Dipl；Ing Harald Pacher Dipl
    申请人:Östu-Stettin Hoch- Und Tiefbau Gmbh；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Device and method for the development of a tunnel
    The invention relates to a device for the construction of a tunnel, comprising at least one formwork element with at least one concreting opening, a device for transporting liquid concrete through the concreting opening into a cavity arranged behind the formwork element, in particular a concrete pump.
    The invention further relates to a method for the construction of a tunnel, wherein liquid concrete is transported by means of a device, in particular a concrete pump, through at least one concreting opening into a cavity between a formwork element and a mountain.
    The introduction of concrete is a crucial process step in the production of an inner shell of a tunnel. In this case, a cavity between a formwork and a mountain or a mountain or a counter-formwork, which is also referred to as counter formwork, filled with fresh concrete. In a first step, the cavity is filled as a rule uniformly from both sides, after which the filled concrete is pressed in a second step with a closing pressure. During both process steps, care must be taken not to exceed a permissible formwork pressure, as otherwise the formwork may be damaged.
    Various devices and methods of the type mentioned above for the development of a tunnel have become known from the prior art. Here, in a tunnel formed, for example by means of detonation in a mountain formwork is built, after which a cavity between the formwork and the mountains, a so-called annulus, is filled with concrete to achieve a stable or lined tunnel. Further, it is known from the prior art to use this so-called formwork carriages, which can be moved after introduction of concrete into the annulus and curing of the concrete along a construction direction of the tunnel to expand another section of the tunnel.
    Difficulties in tunneling arise in the apparatus and method of the prior art, especially when introducing a liquid concrete into the annulus. If too high a hydrostatic pressure occurs in the annulus, caused for example by an excessive amount of liquid or uncured concrete, the formwork is mechanically overstressed and can deform beyond an admissible extent or even break. On the one hand there is a risk of injury to local personnel and on the other high costs. If an insufficient amount of concrete is introduced into the annulus due to a too low closing pressure, cavities remain, so that the expansion does not reach a desired strength and, for example, can not withstand a rock pressure.
    The goal of filling the annulus safely, completely and at optimum speed can often be achieved only by employing personnel with correspondingly great experience, which recognizes, for example by means of noises in the formwork, whether a current pressure is sufficient and which pressure increase is required and is permitted to achieve optimum filling of the annular space with concrete.
    Previous attempts to achieve automation by measuring a pressure in the formwork have failed because it has been shown that a pressure in particular in an upper region of the annular space, ie in the region of the ridges, or on the formwork no direct conclusions about a Height of the concrete or a degree of filling permits, since a local pressure in the liquid concrete due to the special rheological properties of concrete in addition to a hydrostatic pressure depends on other factors.
    This is where the invention starts. The object of the invention is to provide a device of the type mentioned, with which a development of a tunnel can be done in high quality, technically verifiable and at the same time efficient way even with inexperienced staff.
    Furthermore, a method of the aforementioned type is to be specified, with which an expansion of a tunnel can be reliably produced even with inexperienced staff.
    The first object is achieved by a device of the type mentioned, in which at least one sensor is provided, with which a state variable of a concrete in the cavity and / or a load of
    Shuttering element is continuously measurable during a concreting process, wherein a monitoring device is provided, with which a measured value of the at least one sensor is comparable with a stored in a data storage setpoint, the setpoint depends on a progress of the concreting process, in particular depending on a measured time and / or of a quantity of a concrete already transported into the cavity.
    In the context of the invention, it was recognized that a direct measurement of a degree of filling of the annular space or a height of a liquid concrete in an upper region of the annular space is not possible due to the particular rheological properties of concrete, but also the actually measurable values for monitoring a Concreting process can be used in a tunnel construction.
    Thus, state variables such as pressure, temperature, conductivity or the like in the concrete in the annulus or loading of the formwork elements during filling of the annulus can be compared with measured data, which were previously measured in a successfully completed concreting process to conclude deviations from a desired state. Thus, as soon as there is data of a successful concreting operation carried out, for example, in the presence of experienced personnel, which can be referred to as a reference concreting operation, the method can also be carried out without the presence of experienced personnel. The measured state variables can be all state variables which permit a conclusion about a state of the concrete in the cavity. It has proven particularly useful to measure a local pressure at various positions in the annulus. The load of the formwork element can be measured directly in or on the formwork element, for example by strain sensors. However, the load can also be measured indirectly, for example via supports and struts, with which the at least one shuttering element is supported against a substrate.
    A technically verifiable expansion of a tunnel can be achieved with the device according to the invention by ongoing review, documentation and monitoring of the removal process.
    As a concreting process, the method for introducing and curing concrete in the cavity between formwork and mountains in the context of tunneling is called. The monitoring device is usually also set up to detect an advance of the concreting process. A progress of the concreting process can be done in a simple manner, for example by measuring a time from the beginning of the concreting process or a concreting time and / or by measuring a quantity transported since the beginning of the concreting process amount of concrete. It can then be assigned to a progress of the concreting process, for example, a certain time since the beginning of concreting a defined setpoint for the at least one sensor, so that it is easy to determine whether a current concreting process corresponds to the reference concreting or when a deviation occurs. It is favorable if, by means of the monitoring device, a volume flow of the concrete transported into the cavity can be regulated as a function of a deviation of the at least one measured value from the desired value. This makes it easy to repeat a previously recorded reference concreting operation to ensure that the concreting process is free of damage and efficient, even when there is no experienced personnel on site. The control can be done, for example, with manual intervention based on a signal output by the monitoring device or fully automated. Usually, a plurality of sensors are provided for detecting state variables of the concrete in the annular space and loads on the formwork element or elements, so that corresponding measured values for a plurality of sensors are present during a concreting operation or depending on an advance of the concreting process. The concrete pump is then advantageously controlled in such a way that measured values corresponding to those which were recorded during the reference concreting process with corresponding progress of the concreting process are obtained at corresponding sensors during the concreting process. It is thus understood that the regulation of the concreting process generally takes place in such a way that a deviation of the values of the sensors measured during a current progress of the concreting process from the values stored in the data memory is reduced with appropriate progress or disappears altogether.
    If a pressure sensor is used as a sensor for detecting a state variable of the concrete in the annular space, the pressure values measured in the annular space with this pressure sensor are dependent on a hydrostatic pressure acting on the sensor. On the other hand, a local pressure increase due to a pressing of the concrete into the annulus under pressure depending on a distance of the sensor from a concreting opening, through which the concrete is pressed into the cavity, can affect the pressure value measured by the sensor. The measured values thus do not give any precise information about a height of a liquid concrete column above the respective sensor, in particular in an upper region of the annular space. However, a regulation of the concrete pump is possible such that, for example, depending on an elapsed time of a concreting process or a quantity of transported through the concrete pouring concrete a conclusion is possible about whether a current concreting of an optimally defined concreting or a reference concreting process deviates, in which neither cavities in the annulus nor an impermissibly high pressure were achieved. In other words, according to the invention, a procedure without experienced personnel is achieved by specifically reproducing measured values at one or more sensors by a corresponding control of the concrete pump, even though the measured values themselves do not allow a direct inference to current states in the annular space. For example, a pressure measured at a local pressure sensor may be permissible during the concreting process, although this pressure would be above a maximum tolerable pressure of the formwork if the entire formwork were loaded accordingly. A regulation of the concrete pump depending on a deviation of the measured values from values stored in the data memory can be automated or manual. As concreting this is understood to mean any opening in the formwork element through which concrete can be transported. In the opening can be arranged for the transport of concrete through the formwork element and a pump nozzle.
    It is understood that a wide variety of sensors for detecting state variables and or a load of a formwork element can be provided. For example, pressure and temperature of a concrete in the annulus can be measured. In addition, a deformation of the formwork element or a force in a support of the formwork element can be measured in order for a
    Concreting process to capture characteristic values and to compare with values of previous concreting operations or to comply with predetermined maximum values for the resilience of the overall device.
    Furthermore, sensors for detecting a speed can be provided, with which concrete is introduced through the concreting opening into the cavity between the formwork and the mountains in order to produce a comparison with a reference concreting process and to be able to carry out a corresponding regulation.
    It has proved to be favorable that at least one pressure sensor for measuring a press-in pressure is provided in a line connecting the device to the concreting opening. Although this pressure due to particular rheological properties of concrete usually does not correspond to a pressure in the annulus, a comparison of the filling in a reference concreting process and thus a control of the concreting process can also be done on this pressure. It is advantageous if the sensor is designed to measure a state variable of a concrete in the cavity as a pressure sensor, in particular as a diaphragm pressure transmitter. As a result, a robust pressure measurement can take place despite the prevailing ambient conditions in a tunnel. Usually, the pressure sensor is arranged flush in a surface of the formwork, which bounds the cavity or the annular space on the inside.
    Preferably, the sensor is spaced from the concreting opening. It has been shown that a state variable of the concrete measured directly at the concreting opening, in particular a pressure, is not meaningful due to local flow effects. Rather, for a comparison of a current expansion method with a reference method or a reference concreting a measured value of a state variable such as a pressure or a temperature at a distance from the concreting opening meaningful, since at a corresponding distance of for example 15 cm to 150 cm calm the Flow occurs.
    As a rule, a plurality of sensors are arranged at different distances from the concreting opening. This can cause a spread over one
    Concrete opening into the cavity introduced concrete can be detected particularly accurately, especially in an upper region of the annular space in which the concrete can flow in different directions. This allows a very accurate determination of a degree of filling of the cavity or a precise comparison of a current expansion process with a reference concreting process in which a high strength of the expansion has been achieved.
    Advantageously, a plurality of sensors are arranged distributed over a length of the formwork element in order to be able to determine a pressure distribution over a length of the formwork or a length of the formwork element particularly accurately. In particular, in a top formwork element, which is also referred to as a ridge element, a plurality of sensors are usually positioned along the ridges or a length of the formwork element, to monitor a final process step, wherein concrete is pressed from below into the cavity, particularly accurate.
    Further, it is advantageous if a plurality of sensors are arranged distributed over a height of the formwork element. In contrast to an upper region of the cavity, a height of the liquid concrete in a lateral area with pressure sensors can be detected in a simple manner precisely, since concrete can be introduced into the lateral areas by means of gravity, so that pressing in as in the region of the ridges is not required is. By distributed over a height of the shuttering elements arranged sensors, in particular pressure sensors, it can thus be easily determined, which height of the liquid concrete has already reached the side of the formwork. This height is decisive for a pressure of the concrete on the formwork and thus a maximum concreting speed. Usually, the device has an approximately cylindrical outer contour, which is formed by one or more formwork elements, wherein a plurality, in particular three to 20, sensors are arranged distributed over a circumference of the cylindrical outer contour in the formwork elements. This allows a particularly accurate detection of the height of the liquid concrete side of the formwork elements. It is favorable if a data processing device is provided with which measured values of the at least one sensor can be stored during a removal process. It is understood that the sensor or sensors for this purpose are connected to the data processing device via a respective data connection, for example a wired connection or a radio connection. In addition, of course, a direct output of the measurement results to the respective sensors or measuring devices may be provided, for example, an analog display. As a result, values of a removal process can be recorded with devices according to the invention, which are monitored by experienced personnel. Measured values recorded in this way can subsequently serve as the basis or comparison values for a partially or fully automated removal or filling of a cavity, if no correspondingly experienced personnel are more on site. Thus, it is sufficient if persons with experience, which may include, for example, noise in the expansion or in the formwork on a required increase or decrease a capacity of the concrete pump, accompany a removal or concreting of a subsection once, with characteristic Values can be recorded via the sensors. After completion of the concreting process, which may also be referred to as a reference concreting process, the formwork is usually moved into a further subsection, in which the removal process can be carried out by comparing currently measured values with corresponding desired values. The concrete pump is normally controlled in such a way that measured values corresponding to the nominal values achieved during the reference concreting process in the presence of the experienced personnel are obtained at the individual sensors. For an efficient implementation of a removal process, it has been proven that the formwork element has a plurality, in particular regularly spaced, concreting openings and sensors. This allows a filling of the cavity over several concreting openings, and a very accurate detection of a concreting process over several sensors. In particular, an optimal speed can be achieved thereby. In prior art methods, it had to be estimated for this purpose when a concrete placed in a lower region of the cavity had hardened before further concrete was introduced into the cavity in order to prevent the formwork being overloaded by liquid concrete in the cavity, becoming inadmissible deformed or even breaks. By using a plurality of sensors, in particular by using pressure sensors, in the formwork element can be precisely determined when a concrete has hardened, as when hardening of the concrete acting on the formwork pressure significantly decreases. A speed of the concreting process can thus be precisely matched to a current state of the concrete in the cavity and thereby optimized.
    In order to be able to carry out a concreting process or a concreting process in a particularly exact manner in accordance with a reference concreting process, it is favorable if a plurality of sensors are provided and setpoint values for each sensor are stored in a data memory as a function of a measured time and / or a quantity already in the Cavities transported concrete are stored, the device for manual, semi-automatic or fully automated control of the device is set up depending on deviations of the measured values of the individual setpoints. It is advantageous if the device is designed as a movable formwork carriage. Usually, the device designed as a formwork carriage is moved during a tunnel construction of a subsection in a next subsection on rails. Thus, a section concreting in the tunnel or a section-wise expansion can be done in a simple manner.
    Advantageously, a signal device is provided, with which an acoustic and / or visual signal can be delivered if a change in a delivery rate of the device is required in order to reduce a deviation of the at least one measured value from the at least one corresponding desired value. An intervention to change a delivery rate of the device can then be done manually by untrained personnel when a corresponding signal is emitted by the signaling device. In particular, the signaling device may comprise lights or a screen for emitting visual signals and a loudspeaker for emitting acoustic signals.
    It can also be provided that the device can be regulated fully automatically. In this case, the control is directly connected to the device or the concrete pump, so that no change to a capacity of the concrete pump manual intervention is required. A partially automated control results, for example, if the monitoring device informs an inexperienced personnel how to change the delivery rate in order to minimize a deviation of the method from a reference method.
    An adaptation or change of a volume flow of a concrete transported into the cavity in the context of a control can be done for example by changing the flow rate of the concrete pump itself. However, even with constant power of the concrete pump, a throttle in a line between the concrete pump and the concreting activated or the line between the concrete pump and concreting partially or completely removed from the concreting to influence an effective in the cavity capacity such that a concreting with Measured values according to the reference concreting process is achieved. In contrast to a shutdown of the concrete pump clogging of the pipe is easily avoided in a continuous conveying concrete and removing the pipe from the concreting. It is advantageous if a plurality of movably connected formwork elements are provided, wherein at least one sensor for measuring a force is provided in at least one connecting means, which connects two formwork elements, and wherein the sensor is connected to the control, so that the device depends on a deviation of Force in the connecting means of a desired value, which may be dependent on an advance of the expansion, is adjustable. The connecting means may be designed, for example, as rigid steel beams or variable-length hydraulic cylinders.
    It has been found that, in particular, forces in struts and supports which connect formwork elements allow reliable conclusions as to the progress of a concreting process and a distribution of the concrete in the cavity. In particular, it is possible to deduce a proportion of a still fluid concrete in the cavity via such measured values, since this loads a formwork skin differently than an already hardened and self-stabilizing concrete. Measured forces in supports and struts of a formwork carriage can therefore be used very well to control the concreting process or a removal process. It is favorable if corresponding measured values are also recorded in a reference concreting process, so that when carrying out the method without experienced personnel current
    Forces in struts and columns of the formwork carriage can be compared with corresponding forces during execution of the reference concreting process.
    The further object is achieved by a method of the type mentioned, in which at least one state variable of a concrete located in the cavity and / or a load of the shuttering element is measured with at least one sensor and a concreting process by comparing a measured value of the sensor monitored with a setpoint is, wherein the setpoint is dependent on a progress of the expansion, in particular of a measured time and / or a quantity of a concrete already transported into the cavity. This allows a section tunneling even without the presence of experienced personnel, yet due to the monitoring of various state variables high process reliability is achieved. Usually, a device according to the invention is used for this purpose.
    As a rule, during a concreting operation, a measured deviation of the measured value measured by the at least one sensor from a corresponding desired value is reduced by changing a volume flow of the concrete transported into the cavity.
    It has proven to be favorable that a press-in pressure of the concrete in a line between the device and the concreting opening is measured and enters into a regulation of the volume flow. As a result, on the one hand a leading to damage overpressure in the line can be avoided. On the other hand, it is thus also possible to monitor whether a press-in pressure in the line corresponds to a press-in pressure expected for a corresponding progress of the removal, which can be detected, for example, by measurement in a reference concreting operation, or if an intervention is required to adapt the volume flow accordingly. A regulation or adaptation of the volume flow transported into the cavity can be effected by a change in a performance of the device, which is usually designed as a concrete pump, or by partial or total removal of the conduit from the concreting opening, so that, for example, concrete continues to be conveyed through the concrete pump, which, however, is not transported into the cavity. As a result, blockages are avoided, which would possibly be caused by a hardening of the concrete in the line when stopping the concrete pump.
    A particularly efficient and process-reliable method is obtained if pressures are measured at several positions of the formwork element with different distances to the concreting opening and the volume flow is regulated as a function of a deviation of the measured pressures from corresponding desired values. After the method according to the invention is usually repeated in sections, wherein the usually arranged on a formwork carriage along a removal direction is moved into a further section, thereby a regular reproducing a once performed method can be achieved if in the once performed method, which, for example in the presence of experienced personnel and may be referred to as a reference method or reference concreting operation, corresponding readings such as pressures on individual sensors may be recorded. It can thus be determined at any time when repeating the process, whether the method deviates from the reference method, so that can be intervened in accordance with a change in the volume flow promoted in the cavity to minimize a deviation accordingly. It is favorable that a plurality of sensors are provided, wherein a setpoint dependent on a time or a concrete transported into the cavity is defined for each sensor. This allows a simple comparison of a current concreting process with a reference concreting process.
    It has been proven that the setpoint, which depends on a progress of the expansion, is defined in an upstream process step during a removal by recording corresponding measured values. It can then be defined for the sensor or sensors depending on the progress of the expansion, a target value, with which when repeating the process in a further stretch even with inexperienced staff is easy to determine whether a current concreting corresponds to a corresponding reference concreting. Usually, the cavity is filled via a plurality of concreting openings, wherein it can also be determined by means of the at least one sensor when a filling of the cavity is continued at another concreting opening, for example when a height of the liquid concrete in the cavity reaches a lateral concreting opening. It is advantageous if a signal is emitted to regulate the volume flow, after which a manual change of the volume flow transported into the cavity takes place in order to minimize a deviation. A change in a volume flow transported into the cavity can be achieved by changing a performance of the device or a change in the pumping power of a concrete pump. Alternatively or additionally, in order to avoid blockages in the line, the line can be partially or completely removed from the concreting opening, so that concrete is conveyed further through the concrete pump, but does not enter the cavity. As a result, exceeding a maximum permissible internal pressure in the cavity due to an excessive amount of liquid and not yet cured concrete in the cavity can be avoided. Damage to the formwork due to an impermissibly high internal pressure in the cavity are thus prevented in a simple manner.
    The regulation of the volume flow can be done manually, partially or fully automatically. A fully automated control allows the process to be carried out with reduced manpower so costs can be reduced by implementing the process. A manual or semi-automatic control allows a rapid response to frequently changing environmental conditions in tunneling.
    In order to repeat a concreting operation in sections in a simple manner, a movable, in particular movable, device is usually used. In general, the formwork element is connected to a along a construction direction mostly movable on rails formwork carriage. It is advantageous if the device is moved with the formwork element after curing of the concrete in a direction of construction in an uninstalled section, in which the process is repeated. By repeating the concreting process in the individual sections, which is achieved by continuously acquiring measured values via the sensors and comparing the measured values with data from a reference concreting process, high process reliability and stable tunneling are achieved.
    As an alternative to such a sectional expansion of the tunnel, the method can of course also be used in the context of a continuous expansion. In that case, a formwork formed by formwork elements is continuously moved, at the same time the introduction of concrete takes place. As a rule, a rear area of the formwork in the construction direction is concreted in front of a region lying further in the direction of removal, so that the concrete in the rear area has hardened earlier and the formwork can be moved, even if the concrete has not yet hardened in the front area. Through continuous tracking of state variables in the concrete, an optimum speed can be achieved with which the formwork is moved in the direction of removal.
    Further features, advantages and effects will become apparent from the embodiments illustrated below. In the drawings, to which reference is made, show:
    1 and 2 a front view of a device according to the invention in a tunnel construction;
    Fig. 3 is a side view of the device shown in Fig. 1;
    4 to 9 show a device according to the invention in a tunnel in various stages of a tunnel construction;
    10 shows a possible pressure distribution on a formwork element;
    11 to 13 show details of a device according to the invention;
    Fig. 14 is a development of a formwork;
    15 and 16 are diagrams relating to a time course of measured pressures.
    Fig. 1 shows a device 1 according to the invention for the development of a tunnel. The device 1 is designed as a movable on rails 19 formwork carriage and has a plurality of movably connected formwork elements 3. As shown, the shuttering elements 3 located in a working position have, above the rails 19, approximately a cylindrical or partially cylindrical outer contour, so that a cylindrical inner shell of a tunnel tube can be formed. In Fig. 1, a situation after completion of a removal process is shown, wherein a space between the formwork elements 3 and a surrounding mountains 2 is completely filled with concrete 4. This concrete 4 together with any existing reinforcement forms an inner shell of the tunnel.
    As can be seen, the individual formwork elements 3 are connected via joints 8 rotatably or pivotally. Thereby, the device 1 can be folded after completion of an expansion of a section and moved on in the tunnel. To move the formwork elements 3 relative to each other hydraulic cylinders are provided. In the hydraulic cylinders and struts and supports 9, which connect the formwork elements 3 and support them against a background, sensors can be arranged to determine forces acting on the formwork elements 3. Furthermore, even in the formwork elements 3 itself force or pressure sensors 16 may be provided to monitor a concreting process. Furthermore, in FIG. 1, a device designed as a concrete pump 5a is shown, with which concrete 4 can be introduced by means of a concrete distributor 5 into a cavity 21 between mountains 2 and formwork elements 3.
    Fig. 2 also shows a device 1 according to the invention, wherein in contrast to Fig. 1 also lines 6 are shown, with which concrete 4 from the concrete pump 5a via a concrete distributor 5 to arranged in the formwork elements 3 concreting 7 is transportable to concrete 4 through the formwork elements 3 in a cavity 21 between shuttering elements 3 and 2 mountains to transport. The opening into the concreting 7 lines 6 lead into a region of the concrete distributor 5, so that the concrete distributor 5 can be connected via a rotatably mounted connection line with each line 6. This allows a sequential filling of the cavity 21 via a plurality of concreting openings 7 with a concrete pump 5a without moving the concrete pump 5a itself.
    3 shows a side view of a device 1 according to the invention in a section of the tunnel adjacent to a dismantled section of the tunnel, in which an inner shell has been created by concreting. As can be seen, a section of the tunnel having a length 18 corresponding to a length 18 of the formwork formed by the individual shuttering elements 3 can be removed or concreted without moving the device 1. During an expansion, wherein the inner shell is formed, a cavity 21 is filled with concrete 4. The cavity 21 is bounded on the outside by the mountains 2, inside by the formwork, which is formed by the shuttering elements 3, back through the inner shell of the previously removed portion and at a front end by a seal 26, which is also referred to as frontal formwork. After completion of a removal process in a section, the device 1 is moved on the rails 19 in a construction direction 10 by the length 18 of the formwork, so that a next section can be removed.
    4 to 9 show a concreting process and a method for forming a tunnel in different process steps, wherein a device 1 according to the invention is used. It can be seen that the device 1 is positioned in a tunnel which has broken away from a mountain 2 which is not shown, after which a cavity 21 between shuttering elements 3 of the device 1 or an approximately cylindrical skin of the device 1 and the mountain 2 is filled with concrete 4, which is in hardens further sequence and forms a mountain pressure supporting inner shell. In this case, a reinforcement can be arranged in the cavity 21 in order to achieve a desired with respect to compressive and tensile forces strength of the inner shell.
    As can be seen, the cavity 21 between the rocker 2 and shuttering skin is gradually filled with concrete 4, wherein alternately concrete 4 is transported on a left and a right side of the tunnel in the cavity 21 or pressed. For this purpose, the concrete pump 5a is connected via different lines 6 alternately with concreting openings 7 on the left and the right side of the device 1. It is started with a filling on arranged in a lower region concreting 7 and started with increasing height of the concrete element located between formwork element 3 and 2 concrete 4, the filling through higher arranged concreting 7 performed. Finally, an upper region of the cavity 21 or a ridge 12 is filled with concrete 4. In addition, cavities 21 in the region of the ridges 12 can be filled by introducing mortar under pressure or by injecting mortar through recesses which have been formed in the concrete 4 by injection nozzles 14.
    An introduction of concrete 4 into the cavity 21 takes place in the states illustrated in FIGS. 4 to 7 via lines 6 designed as concrete hoses, which are introduced into the concreting openings 7 arranged in the formwork elements 3. A concreting of upper portions of the inner shell via pump nozzles 15, which are arranged in the concreting 7 openings. It is understood that further process steps may be provided between the situations illustrated in FIGS. 4 to 9 in order to avoid a mechanical overloading of the device 1 due to excessive differences between a level on the left and right side.
    A speed at which the cavity 21 can be filled with concrete 4 is limited by a curing rate of the concrete 4. Since liquid concrete 4 loads the formwork or the formwork elements 3, a speed with which concrete 4 into the cavity 21st is transported, are selected such that a caused due to the liquid concrete 4 in the cavity 21 hydrostatic pressure on the shuttering elements 3 does not exceed a maximum allowable pressure of the shuttering elements 3.
    In a prior art concreting operation, it must be estimated when a concrete 4 in a lower area has hardened, so that further concrete 4 can be filled into the cavity 21, otherwise the formwork in a lower area may be damaged.
    In a device 1 according to the invention, a plurality of sensors designed as pressure sensors 16 are provided in the formwork elements 3 for this purpose. Since hardening of the concrete 4 causes a pressure change, a precise statement about a height of a liquid concrete 4 can be made in an area laterally of the formwork elements 3 and the speed of concreting can be optimized. While in a lower region complete filling of the cavity 21 can be easily achieved and monitored by distributing the liquid concrete 4 and corresponding pressure measurement, complete filling of the cavity 21 in an upper region can be achieved directly due to the particular rheological properties of concrete 4 not just be determined by a pressure measurement. Thus, a local pressure in the concrete 4 during a press-fitting operation is determined, on the one hand, by a concrete 4 or a liquid column located at the respective measuring position and on the other hand by dynamic effects and a concreting speed. A possible pressure distribution 13 on a formwork element 3 in the region of the ridges 12 during the introduction of concrete 4 is shown in FIG. As can be seen, the local pressure acting on the shuttering element 3 in the area of the concreting opening 7 is higher than in a region further from the concreting opening 7.
    In prior art methods, a so-called injection nozzle 14 shown in FIG. 11 is therefore used, which has an outer tube 20 connected to the shuttering element 3 and an outer tube 20 axially movably mounted, open at the end and projecting into the cavity 21 inner tube 22 has. As a rule, injection nozzles 14 are installed at a distance of about 2 m in the longitudinal direction of the uppermost formwork element 3, which is also referred to as ridge element. The inner tube 22 is fixed in the outer tube 20 by means of a fixing 23 such that it protrudes into the cavity 21 according to a required concrete thickness. Upon reaching the desired concrete thickness above the formwork, liquid concrete 4 falls from above into the pipe, so that it can be seen that a desired concrete thickness above the formwork or in the cavity 21 has been reached and the supply of concrete 4 can be stopped. After hardening of the concrete 4, the pipes are pulled out of the concrete 4, with corresponding recesses remaining in the concrete 4. Mortar is then pressed into these recesses to fill remaining cavities 21 between concrete 4 and 2 mountains.
    Such a determination of achieving a desired concrete height, however, is not very reliable because the spies can clog, further may lead to an uneven distribution of liquid concrete 4 above the formwork to local pressure peaks that can cause damage to the formwork elements 3 and a collapse of the formwork , When concreting the prior art are therefore always experienced people on site, which can determine in particular by means of noise in the formwork or in the mountains 2, whether a cavity 21 between formwork skin and mountains 2 is sufficiently filled with concrete 4, or which proportion of the concrete 4 is already cured to achieve efficient concreting without the risk of damage.
    In order to be able to carry out an efficient and process-reliable method even with untrained personnel, pressure sensors 16, such as diaphragm seal, are provided in the shuttering elements 3 illustrated in the exemplary embodiment.
    Fig. 12 shows a plan view of a section of a formwork element 3, in which a membrane designed as a diaphragm seal sensor is arranged. FIG. 13 shows a section through the section of a shuttering element 3 shown in FIG. 12 along the line XIII-XIII in FIG. 12. As illustrated, the diaphragm pressure transmitter has a diaphragm 17 which delimits a hollow chamber connected to a pressure transducer 11. The pressure transducer 11 may be connected to a monitoring device for continuous monitoring of the concreting process via a data link.
    The pressure sensor 16 is arranged flush in a surface of the shuttering element 3 between two stiffening elements 24, so that in a concreting a pressure in the concrete 4 acts directly on the membrane 17.
    Alternatively or in addition to pressure sensors 16, other sensors may be provided, with which state variables of the concrete 4 in the cavity 21 can be determined, for example temperature sensors. The sensors are connected to a data processing device, so that characteristic values can be recorded in different positions of the form skin during a removal process in order to subsequently reproduce the removal process or these values several times as the tunnel is removed in sections.
    As can be seen, a total of six concreting openings 7 are arranged in lateral formwork elements 3, which are also referred to as elm elements, to concrete 4 at different positions by the formwork elements 3 in to transport the cavity 21 between formwork and mountains 2. It is understood that more or less concreting 7 and pump nozzle 15 may be provided. In an upper formwork element 3, which is also referred to as a ridge element, pump nozzles 15 are arranged in concreting openings 7 in order to allow a transport of concrete 4 into an area above the concrete distributor 5. In the exemplary embodiment, nine pumping nozzles 15 are provided in the ridge element, which are positioned in a corresponding number of concreting openings 7, not shown. Furthermore, injection nozzles 14 are arranged in the ridge element.
    As can be seen, furthermore, pressure sensors 16 are arranged distributed in the upper formwork element 3 in the region of a ridge 12 over a length 18 of the formwork elements 3 in order to prevent the
    To be able to monitor concreting in the region of the ridges 12, so that cavities 21 between the inner shell and the mountains 2 and damage to the formwork elements 3 can be avoided and an optimal speed can be achieved. Furthermore, the pressure sensors 16 are distributed over a circumference of the formwork or shuttering elements 3 in such a way that with the pressure sensors 16 pressures at different heights can be measured. As a result, a filling level of the concrete 4 in the cavity 21 can be measured laterally of the formwork elements 3 and a height of the already hardened concrete 4 in lateral areas.
    Furthermore, pressure sensors 16 are also distributed over a length 18 of the shuttering element 3 in the upper formwork element 3 or the ridge element, for example along an imaginary line which runs parallel to the roof 12. With these pressure sensors 16 in the upper formwork element 3, a conclusion of a concreting process can be monitored. All pressure sensors 16 are preferably spaced from concreting openings 7 in order to avoid or at least reduce an influence of flow effects on the measurement result.
    There are distributed both over a length 18 and over a width of the scarf carriage several concreting openings 7 and sensors to fill the cavity 21 between the formwork skin and mountains 2 from different positions.
    FIG. 15 shows measurement results or pressure profiles 25 of those pressure sensors 16 which are distributed over a circumference of the formwork and which are arranged at different height positions of the formwork during a concreting process. In this case, a pressure is shown on the ordinate axis and a time on the abscissa axis. As can be seen, a pressure measured with the pressure sensors 16 increases with increasing time. This corresponds to a filling of the lateral cavity 21 between the formwork elements 3 and the mountains 2 shown in FIGS. 4 to 8. In a next step, the measured pressures decrease again above a certain level. As a result, it can be seen that the concrete 4 located between the formwork element 3 and the mountains 2 has hardened, so that further concrete 4 can subsequently be introduced without reaching an unduly high pressure on the formwork.
    Discontinuities or sudden increases in pressure which can be seen in the diagram result from shaking processes and a concomitant re-liquefaction of the concrete 4 due to the specific theological properties of fresh concrete.
    By the lateral pressure sensors 16, which are distributed over different height positions of the formwork, a direct inference to a height of the liquid concrete 4 is thus possible via the measured pressure, so that the concreting process can be monitored and controlled directly via the pressure sensors 16. At the same time, a comparison with historical data may be useful in this area in order to compare a current concreting process with a reference concreting process.
    A disassembly operation performed, for example, in the presence of experienced personnel to record readings for reproduction of the disassembly operation may also be referred to as a reference disassembly operation. In a next section of the tunnel, a regulation of a concrete introduction into the cavity 21 or a volume flow of the concrete 4 into the cavity 21 can be regulated partially or fully automatically so that the measured values of the individual sensors correspond as far as possible to those measured values which were recorded during the reference construction process , In other words, the volume flow with which concrete 4 is introduced into the cavity 21 is regulated such that the measured values of the sensors deviate minimally from the nominal values of the individual sensors which were recorded during the reference removal process. The setpoints of the sensors are thus dependent on a time in which is concreted. Alternatively or additionally, the setpoint values of the sensors can also be dependent on a quantity of an introduced concrete 4 into the cavity 21. The nominal values of the sensors thus correspond to a progress of the tunnel construction, so that it is easy to determine whether the concreting process corresponds to the respective progress time of the expansion of the reference expansion process or when a deviation occurs to be able to counteract quickly.
    FIG. 16 likewise shows measured values or pressure profiles 25 of pressure sensors 16 of an upper formwork element 3 or of a ridge element applied over a period of a concreting process.
    Optimum control of the concreting process is possible if current measured values are compared with historical measured values of a reference concreting process and the delivered concrete quantity is adjusted accordingly in case of deviations. This makes it possible to repeat an efficient reference concreting process even with inexperienced personnel without damaging the formwork. A control of the transported in the cavity 21 volume flow can be done manually, for example, if a corresponding signal is emitted by a monitoring device in case of a deviation. Alternatively, a fully automatic control is possible if the monitoring device is connected directly to the concrete pump 5a, the concrete distributor 5 or a line system in order to influence a volume flow conveyed into the cavity 21.
    In addition or as an alternative to pressure sensors 16 in the formwork elements 3, force measuring sensors 16 can also be arranged in supports 9 of the formwork, joints 8 between the formwork elements 3 and the like in order to close on a quantity and distribution of concrete 4 located in the cavity 21 and to regulate the Concreting process to compare these values with historical values. Furthermore, alternatively or additionally, other state variables such as temperature and conductivity of the concrete 4 in the cavity 21 can be measured at different positions.
    After completion of an expansion process in a section of the tunnel, when the cavity located in the concrete 21 4 is cured, the formwork carriage is moved in the direction of construction 10 of the tunnel, and removed the next section. In this case, the concreting operation or the dismantling process is repeated, the control taking place in such a way that the measured values of the individual sensors correspond to the desired values which were recorded during the reference concreting process. This ensures that each individual section substantially corresponds qualitatively to the section which has been removed during the reference removal process, without the need for experienced personnel.
    With a method according to the invention and a device 1 for this purpose, the expansion of a tunnel can be carried out reliably and efficiently partially or fully automatically even with inexperienced personnel. As a result, on the one hand, a particularly high quality or strength of the expansion is achieved. On the other hand, a damage or
    Risk of injury avoided. In addition, due to the high process reliability and optimized speed, costs can be minimized.
    权利要求:
    Claims (24)
    [1]
    claims
    1. Device (1) for removing a tunnel, comprising at least one formwork element (3) with at least one concreting opening (7), a device for transporting liquid concrete (4) through the concreting opening (7) into a behind the formwork element (3) arranged cavity (21), in particular a concrete pump (5a), characterized in that at least one sensor is provided, with which a state variable of a cavity (21) located concrete (4) and / or a load of the formwork element (3) continuously during a Concreting process is measurable, wherein a monitoring device is provided, with which a measured value of the at least one sensor is comparable with a stored in a data memory setpoint, the setpoint is dependent on a progress of the concreting process, in particular depending on a measured time and / or of a Quantity of a concrete already transported into the cavity (21) (4).
    [2]
    2. Device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that by means of the monitoring device in the cavity (21) transported volume flow of the concrete (4) is adjustable dependent on a deviation of the at least one measured value from the desired value.
    [3]
    3. Device (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that at least one pressure sensor (16) for measuring a press-in pressure in a device with the concreting opening (7) connecting line (6) is provided.
    [4]
    4. Device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the sensor for measuring a state variable in the cavity (21) located concrete (4) as a pressure sensor (16), in particular as a diaphragm seal, is formed.
    [5]
    5. Device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the sensor from the concreting opening (7) is spaced.
    [6]
    6. Device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that a plurality of sensors at different distances from the concreting opening (7) are arranged at a distance.
    [7]
    7. Device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that a plurality of sensors over a length (18) of the formwork element (3) are arranged distributed.
    [8]
    8. Device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that a plurality of sensors over a height of the formwork element (3) are arranged distributed.
    [9]
    9. Device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the device (1) has an approximately cylindrical outer contour, which is formed by one or more formwork elements (3), wherein a plurality, in particular three to 20, sensors distributed over a circumference of the cylindrical outer contour in the formwork elements (3) are arranged.
    [10]
    10. Device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that a data processing device is provided, with which measured values of the at least one sensor can be stored during a removal process.
    [11]
    11. Device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the shuttering element (3) has a plurality, in particular regularly spaced, concreting openings (7) and sensors.
    [12]
    12. Device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that a plurality of sensors are provided and in a data memory setpoints for each sensor as a function of a measured time and / or a quantity of already in the cavity (21) transported concrete (4), wherein the device (1) for manual, partially or fully automated regulation of the device is set up as a function of deviations of the measured values from the individual desired values.
    [13]
    13. Device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the device (1) is designed as a movable formwork carriage.
    [14]
    14. Device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that a signaling device is provided, with which an acoustic and / or visual signal can be delivered, if a change in a delivery rate of the device is required to a deviation of at least to reduce a reading from the at least one corresponding setpoint.
    [15]
    15. Device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that a plurality of movably connected formwork elements (3) are provided, wherein at least one sensor for measuring a force is provided in at least one connecting means which connects two formwork elements (3) , and wherein the sensor is connected to the controller so that the device is controllable depending on a deviation of the force in the connecting means from a desired value, which may be dependent on a progress of the removal.
    [16]
    16. A method for expanding a tunnel, in particular with a device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 15, wherein liquid concrete (4) by means of a device, in particular a concrete pump (5a), by at least one concreting opening (7) into a cavity (21) between a formwork element (3) and a mountain (2) is transported, characterized in that at least one state variable of a cavity (21) located concrete (4) and / or a load of the formwork element (3) with at least one sensor measured and a concreting operation is monitored by comparing a measured value of the sensor with a desired value, the setpoint value being dependent on a progress of the disassembly, in particular of a measured time and / or a quantity of a concrete (4) already transported into the cavity (21). ,
    [17]
    17. Method according to claim 16, characterized in that during a concreting operation a measured deviation of the measured value measured by the at least one sensor from a corresponding desired value is reduced by changing a volume flow of the concrete (4) transported into the cavity (21).
    [18]
    18. The method according to claim 16 or 17, characterized in that a press-in pressure of the concrete (4) in a conduit (6) between the device and the concreting opening (7) is measured and enters into a regulation of the volume flow.
    [19]
    19. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 18, characterized in that at several positions of the shuttering element (3) with different distances to the concreting opening (7) pressures are measured and the volume flow is controlled by a deviation of the measured pressures of corresponding desired values.
    [20]
    20. The method according to claim 19, characterized in that a plurality of sensors are provided, wherein for each sensor one of a time or in the cavity (21) transported concrete (4) dependent setpoint is defined.
    [21]
    21. The method according to claim 19 or 20, characterized in that the dependent of a progress of the expansion setpoint is defined in an upstream process step during an expansion by recording corresponding measured values.
    [22]
    22. The method according to any one of claims 17 to 21, characterized in that for controlling the volume flow, a signal is emitted, after which a manual change in the cavity (21) transported volume flow takes place in order to minimize a deviation.
    [23]
    23. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 22, characterized in that a movable, in particular movable, device (1) is used.
    [24]
    24. The method according to claim 23, characterized in that the device (1) with the shuttering element (3) after curing of the concrete (4) in a removal direction (10) is moved to an uninstalled section, in which the method is repeated.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    EP3168413B1|2019-04-24|
    AT518000B1|2018-05-15|
    EP3168413A1|2017-05-17|
    SI3168413T1|2019-08-30|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    JP2009155819A|2007-12-25|2009-07-16|Kajima Corp|Equipment for placing lining concrete in tunnel|DE102019219269A1|2019-12-10|2021-06-10|Peri Gmbh|Computer-aided method and control device for determining the quality of fair-faced concrete|JP2951422B2|1991-02-08|1999-09-20|株式会社淺沼組|Concrete filling detector|
    JP4922200B2|2008-01-29|2012-04-25|鹿島建設株式会社|Concrete placement control method and concrete placement system|
    JP5316895B2|2010-03-08|2013-10-16|清水建設株式会社|Tunnel lining method|
    GB2498524B|2012-01-17|2016-07-27|M3 Group Ltd|Tunnel Lining|EP3216979B1|2016-03-07|2019-05-08|Kern Tunneltechnik SA|Shuttering system|
    CN109297453B|2018-09-07|2020-09-15|中铁十二局集团有限公司|Linear measurement method for arc-shaped template of lining trolley|
    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    ATA50974/2015A|AT518000B1|2015-11-16|2015-11-16|Device and method for removing a tunnel, in particular by measuring a concrete pressure|ATA50974/2015A| AT518000B1|2015-11-16|2015-11-16|Device and method for removing a tunnel, in particular by measuring a concrete pressure|
    SI201630309T| SI3168413T1|2015-11-16|2016-10-28|Method and device for expanding a tunnel|
    EP16196242.8A| EP3168413B1|2015-11-16|2016-10-28|Method and device for expanding a tunnel|
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